emlog -- the EMbedded-system LOG-device

Downloads

You can get the latest emlog package via HTTP or FTP. The latest version is 0.40, released 13 August 2001. See the release history for a list of changes in this release.

You can also browse emlog's CVS Repository, or access emlog using CVS tools using the instructions found here (module name is misc/emlog).

What is emlog?

emlog is a Linux kernel module that makes it easy to access the most recent (and only the most recent) output from a process. It works just like "tail -f" on a log file, except that the storage required never grows. This can be useful in embedded systems where there isn't enough memory or disk space for keeping complete log files, but the most recent debugging messages are sometimes needed (e.g., after an error is observed).

The emlog kernel module implements simple character device driver. The driver acts like a named pipe that has a finite, circular buffer. The size of the buffer is easily configurable. As more data is written into the buffer, the oldest data is discarded. A process that reads from an emlog device will first read the existing buffer, then see new text as it's written, similar to monitoring a log file using "tail -f". (Non-blocking reads are also supported, if a process needs to get the current contents of the log without blocking to wait for new data.)

The current version of emlog should work under just about any Linux kernel in the 2.x series, including 2.4.

emlog is free software, distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL); see the file COPYING (in the distribution) for details.

How is emlog used?

1: Configure, compile, and install emlog

First, decide which major number you would like to use for emlog. This is configured in emlog.h using the constant EMLOG_MAJOR_NUMBER. The default is 241, which is in the "local/experimental use" range according to the kernel documentation (similar to the 10/8 or 192.168/16 IP networks). Setting the major number to 0 will cause the kernel to dynamically assign a major number to emlog.

Next, if your kernel source tree is not rooted in the default directory of /usr/src/linux, modify the Makefile constant KERNEL_HOME to reflect its actual location.

After configuration, compile by typing 'make'. Two files should be generated: the kernel module itself (emlog.o), and the nbcat utility that will be described later.

Finally, insert the module into the kernel using the 'insmod' command; e.g. 'insmod emlog.o'. If successful, a message similar to "emlog: version 0.40 running, using major number 241" should show up in your kernel log (type 'dmesg' or 'cat /proc/kmsg' to see it). You can also verify that the module has been inserted by typing 'cat /proc/modules'.

2: Create device files for emlog

Next, you must use 'mknod' to create device files that your processes can write to. The major number of the device files should be whatever number you selected in Step 1 (e.g., 241). The minor number is used to indicate the size of the ring buffer for that device file, specified as the the number of kilobytes (e.g., 1024 bytes). For example, to create an 8K buffer called 'testlog':

   % mknod /tmp/testlog c 241 8

You can create as many devices as you like. Internally, emlog uses the file's inode and device numbers to identify the buffer to which the file refers.

3: Write to and read from your new device file

Once the device file has been created, simply write to your device file as you would any normal named pipe, e.g.

   % echo hello > /tmp/testlog

Writes to the log will never block because the buffer never runs out of space; old data is simply overwritten by new data. You can read from the log in the normal way, e.g. using cat. By default, reads block, just like "tail -f", waiting for new log data. For example:

   % cat /tmp/testlog
   hello  [we immediately see the hello that we wrote in the previous step]
   _      [... and here's the cursor.  the 'cat' process is now
           blocked, waiting for new input.  New data will be displayed
           as it is written to the device by other processes.]
   ^C     [use control-c, for example, to stop reading.]

As of version 0.40, emlog's buffers can be read and/or monitored by multiple concurrent readers correctly. Data written to an emlog device will not disappear until it is overwritten by newer data, or the emlog module is removed. (In versions 0.30 and earlier, data was removed from the buffer the first time it was read.)

4: Remove emlog when you're done

Type 'rmmod emlog' will remove the emlog kernel module and free all associated buffers. This won't work until all emlog device files are closed.

Other Usage Notes

emlog will allocate a fixed-size buffer on behalf of a device file if one of the following two conditions is true:
1. A process has the file open for reading or writing
2. A process has written text to the pipe
In other words, buffers are persistent, even after a process closes the emlog device. Therefore, it is possible (naturally) to fill virtual memory by creating many large emlog devices and writing one byte to all of them. Don't do that. All buffers will be freed when the emlog kernel module is removed.
Non-blocking reads work; i.e., setting O_NONBLOCK using ioctl() will cause an EAGAIN to be returned if there is no data ready. In addition, the select() and poll() functions will work correctly on emlog devices.
A small utility, 'nbcat', is included with the emlog distribution. nbcat is similar to 'cat', but uses nonblocking reads. This utility can be used to copy the current contents of an emlog device without blocking to wait for more input. For example:
```
   nbcat /var/log/emlog-device-instance > /tmp/saved-log-file
```
...will copy the current contents of the named emlog device to a file in /tmp.

emlog and devfs

I love devfs and use it extensively, but I don't think it makes much sense to use emlog with devfs. emlog lets you create as many log devices as you like, anywhere on the filesystem -- the module tells them apart based on their inode number. Having a single log device always exist in a single place (/dev) is much less useful. So, I have intentionally continued using the old register_chrdev interface instead of using the new devfs_register_chrdev interface.

Troubleshooting

Q: When I try to compile emlog, I get hundreds of errors related to header files.
A: If your kernel sources are rooted anywhere other than /usr/src/linux, make sure you change the KERNEL_HOME variable in the Makefile to reflect their location. If you've recently installed new kernel sources, make sure that you've run "make config" or "make menuconfig" in the kernel's root (e.g. /usr/src/linux). You don't actually have to go through the entire configuration; just make sure that you have a /usr/include/asm and a /usr/include/linux that are symbolic links into your kernel source tree.

Q: When I try to insert the module using 'insmod', I get 'I/O error'.
A: That usually means the major device number being registered by emlog is already in use by another device driver. Type 'cat /proc/devices' to see a list of major device numbers that are in use. If there is a collision, edit emlog.h and change emlog's major device number to an unused number (or, change it to 0 in order to get a dynamically assigned major number).

Q: I'm seeing "I/O error" at a time other then when the module is inserted.
A: Oops - you've found a bug in emlog. Please report it.

Q: When I try to access an emlog device file for reading or writing, I get the error "no such device".
A: This probably means either that the emlog kernel module is not loaded; or, that the major number of the device file does not match the major number that emlog registered. To see which major number is being used by emlog, type 'cat /proc/devices | grep emlog'.

Q: When I try to access an emlog device file for reading or writing, I get the error "invalid argument".
A: The minor number of the emlog device file must be a number between 1 and 128, representing the number of kilobytes (1,024 bytes) that should be used for emlog's ring buffer. Make sure you're specifying a valid minor number in your 'mknod' statement. Don't use 0.

Q: I see "no memory" errors when I try opening new emlog files.
A: Looks like you're out of virtual memory, sport.

Q: When I try to remove the emlog driver ("rmmod emlog"), I get the error "Device or resource busy".
A: A process is currently using an emlog device. You have to wait until all processes close all emlog device files until the driver can be removed. Try using "lsof" to see which files are in use by which processes.

Q: I am trying to save a copy of the current emlog buffer to another file, by typing "cp /tmp/emlog-test /tmp/saved-log-copy", but cp just sits there forever.
A: cp is blocked waiting for more data, just like 'cat' does when used with an emlog device. Use 'nbcat', the non-blocking cat utility included with the emlog distribution; for example: 'nbcat /tmp/emlog-test > /tmp/saved-log-copy'

Q: You've made my computer crash.
A: Sorry. If you can reproduce the problem I'll try to fix it.

Known Bugs

None as of version 0.40.

Bug reports, patches, complaints, praise, and submissions of Central Services Form 27B/6, are welcomed by the author, Jeremy Elson (jelson@circlemud.org).

Who wrote emlog, and why?

Emlog was written by Jeremy Elson (jelson@circlemud.org) at the USC's Information Sciences Institute, as part of the SCADDS project. SCADDS is an embedded systems research project. We use small PC/104-bus-based single-board-PCs using Linux. We wanted to save the debugging output from certain processes, but since these things have 16MB of disk space and 32MB of RAM, keeping complete log files was not an option. These tiny nodes do have serial ports running PPP, though, so it's possible to walk over to a node with a laptop, plug in a serial cable, and then telnet into the box. Using emlog, we can always keep the most recent debug messages from our processes; in case of an error, we can plug in a debug console and see what went wrong.

This work was supported by DARPA under grant No. DABT63-99-1-0011 as part of the SCADDS project, and was also made possible in part due to support from Cisco Systems.

Release History

Version 0.40 (August 13, 2001)
- Concurrent readers and writers are now supported correctly (data is not consumed when it is first read, as it was in previous versions).
- emlog's ring buffers now allocated using vmalloc instead of kmalloc to avoid locking large blocks of contiguous physical memory.
- Added MODVERSIONS support
- Added the 'nbcat' utility - similar to cat, but does not block at the end of the data.
- Bug fix: both device number and inode number are now stored internally (instead of only the inode number). This prevents the (unlikely) possibility that emlogs on different filesystems might share a single buffer.
Version 0.30 (March 1, 2001)
- Now compiles correctly for 2.4 series kernels.
- select() and poll() now work correctly on emlog devices.
- Bug fix: all instances should not share one wait queue!
Version 0.20 (June 14, 2000)
- Initial public release.